Financial and Economic Dictionary

Ultimate Parent Entity of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) Group

An entity that is a member of a multinational enterprise group and that: directly or indirectly owns sufficient shares in one or more entities belonging to that group to be required to prepare consolidated financial statements in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in its country of tax residence, or would be required to prepare them if its shares were publicly traded in the financial market of its country of tax residence.

Fund Sub-Manager

A third party contracted by a fund manager, under a contract, in accordance with the Investment Funds Regulations and the Real Estate Investment Funds Regulations, and takes on the fund manager’s behalf all or part of the investment decisions for an investment fund managed by the fund manager.

Independent Financial Advisor

In the Merger & Acquisition Regulations, a financial advisor who is authorized by the Capital Market Authority (CMA) and is independent of its appointor (whether it is the offeror, offeree company or any other person obligated to appoint an independent financial advisor in accordance with the Merger & Acquisition Regulations).

International Transport

The provision of a transportation service by means of a vehicle, aircraft or vessel together with a driver or pilot and with a crew where necessary for the purpose of that service, provided that the transportation service involves transport of Goods or passengers either to a place outside the Kingdom, or from a place outside the Kingdom into the Kingdom.

Credit Score

A numerical representation of an individual's creditworthiness, typically ranging from 300 to 850 in the United States. It is based on an analysis of a person's credit history, including their payment history, credit utilization, and other factors.

Contactless Payment

Transactions made using RFID or NFC technology without physical contact with a payment terminal.

Advance Payment

A payment made by the government body to the contractor or supplier before commencing business, against a guarantee provided by the contractor of supplier.

Intellectual Capital

The knowledge, skills, and expertise that contribute to the value of an organization.

Operation Profit

A measure of a company's profitability calculated by subtracting operating expenses from gross profit, reflecting the earnings generated from core business activities.

Public Debt

The total financial obligations incurred by the government through borrowing from domestic or foreign entities to finance budget deficits or to fund development and investment projects, which are to be repaid in the future according to specific terms and conditions.

Insights

Valuable understandings or perceptions gained from data analysis, research, or observation, providing guidance or information for decision-making.

Project Sponsor

The entity or person who approves the use of the financial and human resources in the project implementation process.

Customs Duties

Taxes or duties imposed on imported or exported goods.

Affiliate Program

An organized system that enables affiliates to drive traffic to your properties through tracked links, and earn a cut when that traffic converts.

Training Program

A comprehensive set of educational activities and resources designed to impart specific skills, knowledge, or competencies to participants.

Net Zero Emissions

The balance between the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced and the amount removed from the atmosphere. Achieving net-zero emissions means minimizing emissions and offsetting them through various means, like carbon credits.

Customer-Centric Employee Training

Providing employees with the necessary skills and knowledge to deliver exceptional experiences to beneficiaries.

Customer-Centric Knowledge Management

Organizing and sharing knowledge resources to empower employees to serve customers effectively.

Customer-Centric Process Optimization

Streamlining internal operations to enhance the customer experience and meet their expectations.

Overstimulated Economy

An economic condition where excessive demand leads to high inflation and instability.

Circular Economy

An economic model that minimizes waste by reusing, repairing, and recycling resources.

Economic Activities

Operations that involve the production, exchange, or distribution of goods and services within the economy. This includes all activities undertaken by economic institutions or individuals to achieve value-added or economic output.

Developed Economies

Countries that have high levels of economic growth, advanced infrastructure, strong industrial and service sectors, as well as high per capita income and living standards.

Overall Economic Productivity

A measure of how efficiently an economy utilizes its resources to produce goods and services.

Green Economy

An economic system focused on sustainability and reducing environmental impact.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Considerations

ESG considerations refer to the evaluation of a company's impact on the environment, society, and corporate governance practices, often used for responsible investing and risk assessment.

Blue Economy

The sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs, while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems.

Economies of Scale

The cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, with cost per unit decreasing as the size of the operation grows.

Emerging Economies

Countries experiencing rapid economic growth, transitioning from developing to developed economies, with improvements in infrastructure, industry, and increased foreign investments.

Cash Concentration

It is the transfer of funds from diverse accounts into a central account to improve the efficiency of cash management and liquidity.

Circular Carbon Economy

A sustainable economic model that focuses on reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering carbon to minimize environmental impact.

Platform Economy

An economic model that relies on digital platforms (apps or websites) to connect individuals or businesses with each other to exchange goods or services. In this model, the platform does not own the products or services itself, but facilitates the exchange between users.

Economic Productivity

The efficiency of resource use in producing goods and services, measured as output per unit of input.

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Cartel

A group of businesses or countries that coordinate to control prices and limit competition.

Customs Warehousing Procedure

A Customs procedure under which imported goods are stored under Customs control in a designated place (a Customs warehouse) without payment of import duties and taxes.

Judicial Jurisdiction

Legal authority of a court to hear and decide cases within a defined geographical area, including the organizational and legal boundaries that govern its operation and rules.

Job Performance

An employee's effectiveness and productivity in carrying out their work tasks and responsibilities.

Affiliated Management

It is represented by three-digit numbers of the entity code, which identifies the name of the main department in the entity.

Portfolio Management

The professional management of investment portfolios to achieve specific financial goals.